![]() ![]() Fibres were collected on an aluminium foil covered rotating mandrel with 250 rpm from 22 cm distance and via voltage of 14 kV. 14% (w/v) polycaprolactone (PCL) (M n = 80 kDa) (Sigma-Aldrich, Gillingham, UK) was dissolved in 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-isopropanol (HFIP) (Manchester Organics, UK) and left agitation on a roller mixer until electrospinning through a syringe connected to 0.8 mm needle at a flow rate of 1 ml/h. Scaffolds were produced using electrospinning platform (EC-DIG, IME Technologies, Netherlands) (Fig. Therefore, we present polymeric scaffolds combined with laminin via different electrospinning approach investigating renal cell response. The protein has been shown to provide stimulation in several tissues but its effect in kidney tissue engineering is not fully investigated. Laminin is one of the major component of kidney basement membrane that plays an important role in development and cell attachment. Īlthough stimulation of cells is achievable by adding biomolecules in polymeric scaffolds, to date little has been achieved in kidney tissue engineering. Furthermore encapsulation can allow controlled release and protection. While uncontrolled addition can allow large fluctuations in release kinetics which can have advantages and disadvantages. Alternatively, controlled inclusion of protein into polymer fibres can lead to increased stabilisation and function. Also additional characteristics can be inadvertently effected by washing and sterilization steps which could cause damage or removal. However, a major challenge is to preserve the bioactivity, which is important in maintaining cell attachment and behaviour. Recently evidence has shown the advantages of protein addition into polymeric scaffolds, with the desired outcome and response due in part to its composition, binding method and presentation. These signals can be provided by either adding bioactive agents like proteins into the polymer through blending or coating to recapitulate natural tissue. Nevertheless, scaffolds from synthetic polymers lack natural biomolecular signals which cells benefit from to modulate their functions. For this purpose, electrospinning of polymers has been widely used to produce fibrous scaffolds as it enables easy manipulation of chemical structure and fibre architecture. One of the endeavours in this field is creating a three-dimensional foundation that can provide a suitable niche for cells to behave as they would in vivo. To better understand disease progression and find a way to enhance today’s treatment options, tissue engineering has been highlighted as a potential way forward. This paucity of current treatment options for renal failure reveals the need for more reliable and effective methods. Alongside this, drug therapy given to patients has been shown to lead to drug–induced toxicity, and is stated as being responsible for 19–25% of all cases of severe renal failure. Limitations of current treatment options, such as palliative nature of dialysis and the shortage of available donor organs for transplantation are just some of the factors contributing to the increase. Given that the number of lives lost from renal failure has increased 32% from 2005 to 2015, it is a huge global burden for society. Our results show the importance of hybrid scaffolds for kidney tissue engineering.Īccording to the World Health Organization 10% of the world’s population suffer from acute or chronic kidney diseases. Gene expression analysis indicated healthy cells via three key markers. Cell viability and DNA quantification tests revealed the capability of the scaffolds to maintain cell survival up to 3 weeks in culture. Mechanical characterization demonstrated that the addition of the protein changed Young’s modulus of polymeric fibres. ![]() Renal epithelial cells (RC-124) were cultured on scaffolds up to 21 days. The scaffolds were enriched with laminin via either direct blending with polymer solution or in a form of emulsion with a surfactant. Herein, we investigate the incorporation of laminin into polycaprolactone electrospun scaffolds. One approach to TE is combining natural extracellular matrix proteins with synthetic polymers, which has been shown to have many positives, yet a little is understood in kidney. This involves creating a niche where seeded cells can function in an intended way. Tissue engineering (TE) is one avenue which may provide a new approach for renal disease treatment. Today’s treatment options for renal diseases fall behind the need, as the number of patients has increased considerably over the last few decades. ![]()
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